Mass Downloader

How Computer Viruses Work

2010-03-15T17:32:00.000+04:00

A virus can spell doom for your computer.

Strange as it may sound, the computer virus is something of an Information Age marvel. On one hand, viruses show us how vulnerable we are -- a properly engineered virus can have a devastating effect, disrupting productivity and doing billions of dollars in damages. On the other hand, they show us how sophisticated and interconnected human beings have become.
For example, experts estimate that the Mydoom worm infected approximately a quarter-million computers in a single day in January 2004. Back in March 1999, the Melissa virus was so powerful that it forced Microsoft and a number of other very large companies to completely turn off their e-mail systems until the virus could be contained. The ILOVEYOU virus in 2000 had a similarly devastating effect. In January 2007, a worm called Storm appeared -- by October, experts believed up to 50 million computers were infected. That's pretty impressive when you consider that many viruses are incredibly simple.
When you listen to the news, you hear about many different forms of electronic infection. The most common are:
Viruses - A virus is a small piece of software that piggybacks on real programs. For example, a virus might attach itself to a program such as a spreadsheet program. Each time the spreadsheet program runs, the virus runs, too, and it has the chance to reproduce (by attaching to other programs) or wreak havoc.
E-mail viruses - An e-mail virus travels as an attachment to e-mail messages, and usually replicates itself by automatically mailing itself to dozens of people in the victim's e-mail address book. Some e-mail viruses don't even require a double-click -- they launch when you view the infected message in the preview pane of your e-mail software
Trojanhorses - A Trojan horse is simply a computer program. The program claims to do one thing (it may claim to be a game) but instead does damage when you run it (it may erase your hard disk). Trojan horses have no way to replicate automatically.
Worms - A worm is a small piece of software that uses computer networks and security holes to replicate itself. A copy of the worm scans the network for another machine that has a specific security hole. It copies itself to the new machine using the security hole, and then starts replicating from there, as well.
In this article, we will discuss viruses -- both "traditional" viruses and e-mail viruses -- so that you can learn how they work and understand how to protect yourself.

Virus Origins
Computer viruses are called viruses because they share some of the traits of biological viruses. A computer virus passes from computer to computer like a biological virus passes from person to person.
Unlike a cell, a virus has no way to reproduce by itself. Instead, a biological virus must inject its DNA into a cell. The viral DNA then uses the cell's existing machinery to reproduce itself. In some cases, the cell fills with new viral particles until it bursts, releasing the virus. In other cases, the new virus particles bud off the cell one at a time, and the cell remains alive.
A computer virus shares some of these traits. A computer virus must piggyback on top of some other program or document in order to launch. Once it is running, it can infect other programs or documents. Obviously, the analogy between computer and biological viruses stretches things a bit, but there are enough similarities that the name sticks.
People write computer viruses. A person has to write the code, test it to make sure it spreads properly and then release it. A person also designs the virus's attack phase, whether it's a silly message or the destruction of a hard disk. Why do they do it?
There are at least three reasons. The first is the same psychology that drives vandals and arsonists. Why would someone want to break a window on someone's car, paint signs on buildings or burn down a beautiful forest? For some people, that seems to be a thrill. If that sort of person knows computer programming, then he or she may funnel energy into the creation of destructive viruses.
The second reason has to do with the thrill of watching things blow up. Some people have a fascination with things like explosions and car wrecks. When you were growing up, there might have been a kid in your neighborhood who learned how to make gunpowder. And that kid probably built bigger and bigger bombs until he either got bored or did some serious damage to himself. Creating a virus is a little like that -- it creates a bomb inside a computer, and the more computers that get infected the more "fun" the explosion.
The third reason involves bragging rights, or the thrill of doing it. Sort of like Mount Everest -- the mountain is there, so someone is compelled to climb it. If you are a certain type of programmer who sees a security hole that could be exploited, you might simply be compelled to exploit the hole yourself before someone else beats you to it.
Of course, most virus creators seem to miss the point that they cause real damage to real people with their creations. Destroying everything on a person's hard disk is real damage. Forcing a large company to waste thousands of hours cleaning up after a virus is real damage. Even a silly message is real damage because someone has to waste time getting rid of it. For this reason, the legal system is getting much harsher in punishing the people who create viruses.
Virus History
Traditional computer viruses were first widely seen in the late 1980s, and they came about because of several factors. The first factor was the spread of personal computers (PCs). Prior to the 1980s, home computers were nearly non-existent or they were toys. Real computers were rare, and they were locked away for use by "experts." During the 1980s, real computers started to spread to businesses and homes because of the popularity of the IBM PC (released in 1982) and the Apple Macintosh (released in 1984). By the late 1980s, PCs were widespread in businesses, homes and college campuses.
The second factor was the use of computer bulletin boards. People could dial up a bulletin board with a modem and download programs of all types. Games were extremely popular, and so were simple word processors, spreadsheets and other productivity software. Bulletin boards led to the precursor of the virus known as the Trojan horse. A Trojan horse is a program with a cool-sounding name and description. So you download it. When you run the program, however, it does something uncool like erasing your disk. You think you are getting a neat game, but it wipes out your system. Trojan horses only hit a small number of people because they are quickly discovered, the infected programs are removed and word of the danger spreads among users.
The third factor that led to the creation of viruses was the floppy disk. In the 1980s, programs were small, and you could fit the entire operating system, a few programs and some documents onto a floppy disk or two. Many computers did not have hard disks, so when you turned on your machine it would load the operating system and everything else from the floppy disk. Virus authors took advantage of this to create the first self-replicating programs.

Early viruses were pieces of code attached to a common program like a popular game or a popular word processor. A person might download an infected game from a bulletin board and run it. A virus like this is a small piece of code embedded in a larger, legitimate program. When the user runs the legitimate program, the virus loads itself into memory and looks around to see if it can find any other programs on the disk. If it can find one, it modifies the program to add the virus's code into the program. Then the virus launches the "real program." The user really has no way to know that the virus ever ran. Unfortunately, the virus has now reproduced itself, so two programs are infected. The next time the user launches either of those programs, they infect other programs, and the cycle continues.
If one of the infected programs is given to another person on a floppy disk, or if it is uploaded to a bulletin board, then other programs get infected. This is how the virus spreads.
The spreading part is the infection phase of the virus. Viruses wouldn't be so violently despised if all they did was replicate themselves. Most viruses also have a destructive attack phase where they do damage. Some sort of trigger will activate the attack phase, and the virus will then do something -- anything from printing a silly message on the screen to erasing all of your data. The trigger might be a specific date, the number of times the virus has been replicated or something similar.
In the next section, we will look at how viruses have evolved over the years.

How To Crack WEP using BACKTRACK Live CD

2010-03-15T16:38:00.000+04:00

There are two methods of hacking; locally, or globally. There are an infinite amount of subsets to the following ideas, but let us cover as much as we can. The following is one part of several parts of the tutorial that will later be posted. Let us start off with the first scenario.
Local Hacking
This method normally consists gaining access some way or another via the intranet. Let us test the following method. (Note, everything highlighted in yellow is code, what you type in the terminal)
-Wireless Hacking
Let us set up a scenario here. You are eager to gain access to a non-specific, (or specific, if you have an apparent grudge with a mean neighbor) to a local computer. Here are the tools needed to gain access before we go on our mission.
* Laptop with dual boot, (preferably BackTrack 2 for Linux, and the second boot being Windows XP Pro)
* A CD BackTrack 2 Final ISO image from: http://remote-exploit.org/backtrack_Download
.html
2. Download
DeepBurner and install: http://www.deepburner.com/?r=Download

3. Start up DB, and select burn ISO image file. Then, find your file, click burn.
Part 2
Beginning the project at hand
1. Start up your laptop into BackTrack 2. To do so, place the CD into the computer, turn it on, and select boot from CD, (it varies from laptop to laptop. It may have the option to hit a function key such as F10 to select boot device to boot from).

2. BT2 will ask you to put in your username and password; root/toor
3. Now, type in startx

4. Once the OS is loaded, click on the black box on the bottom left hand side, this is your shell.

5. Type in kismet and hit enter.
6. Kismet will eventually load, and pull up a fairly primitive color GUI within the shell that shows all access points within your designated area, constantly being updated.
7. After selecting your target, find out by kismet if it is WEP, WPA, etc. Preferably, WEP 64 or 128bit. It tells you in a sorted column on the right hand side.

8. Now, the fun begins. Open up a few tabs within the shell. Now type each line in each new tab. Everything within the parenthesis entails exclamations in terms of what it means, syntax, etc).
9. iwconfig wlan0 mode monitor (This places the wi-fi card in monitor mode; Syntax: iwconfig device_name_here mode command_monitor)
10. airodump-ng –ivs –write file_name –channel 11 wlan0 (Starts the monitoring, collects weak IV packets. Syntax: airodump-ng �ivs_creates_extension_type �-write any_given_filename_here �channel this specifies any specific channel you wish to listen to, so you can filter out any unnecessary data).

11. aireplay-ng -3 -b 00:16:B6:2E:C3:4E -h 00:14:A5:8A:02:CD wlan0 (Stimulates packets; injection. Syntax: aireplay-ng -3 attack level -b BSSID of router goes here, shown by kismet -h the attached computer to the bssid; the router wlan0=device that you are using, remains consistent).
12. aireplay-ng -0 wlan0 -a 00:16:B6:2E:C3:4E wlan0 (This is the deauthentication attack. Aireplay-ng -0 attack number wlan0 device type of yours -a BSSID goes here again wlan0 repeat your device here, yet again).
13. Now, watch the magic happen. To put it in layman’s terms, MANY numbers will appear to be rapidly increasing. Within the airodump-ng tab you had opened, the SSID of the attacked victim will increase quite a bit. Look under the IVS column to view how many you have saved to the file. Let’s for now on call this default victim SSID. Once the number hits 250,000 (if it is 64-bit encryption) or 1,000,000 for 128-bit, you will be able to execute your cracking method on the IVS file you have been continuously writing.
14. Cracking time! Cd to the directory that the file you have been saving. Then, execute the following: aircrack-ng -0 -n 128 -f 4 file_name.ivs (Syntax: aircrack-ng -0 attack type -n number of the encryption type, 64 or 128 -fudgefactor 2-18 *.cap or *.ivs depending on what file type you decided to save your file as while gathering packets).

15. After a minute or two, (possibly less) you will have your hexadecimal password so now you can connect to your noob, erm, I mean ‘victim’s’ router.
16. Reboot your computer after jotting down the hex code, and log into your winbox on the same laptop.
17. I would recommend to now setup your ‘anonymous tools.’ I would suggest doing the following; Download
a program that IronGeek and I wrote that spoofs your MAC address and your NetBIOS each time upon startup. It is entitled MadMacs, and may be found at irongeek.com. Execute it, and reboot back into Windows.
18. Connect to SSID, and input the hex code twice WITHOUT THE COLLONS as required.

19. Hopefully, if you did not screw up, you will be connected.
NOTED:
a. that’s only one method !!! it’s only working on wireless who has WEP key.other authentification method is different way to catch the fish.
b.some are other authentification method act like WEP key,on this case you will not able to do anything except change the method.
c.I have no time and not giving any support for all question about above tutorial.
d.do everything by your self,I just give you the HINTS so the REST is yours….
good luck….

* Deepburner, so you can burn your .ISO image to your CD.
* Supported wireless card for injection to work properly (please see the list found here.)
* Enough battery life to serve you well
* Kismet or netstumbler, (to each his own, preferably Kismet for Linux so you do not have to reboot back and forth so often; this comes complete in BackTrack 2)
Part 1
Gathering your materials
1. Download

How a processor is made...!!

2010-03-09T00:47:00.000+04:00

Ever wondered how a chip is made? These amazing high-res images from Intel show the process step-by-step.

Introduction:

It starts with sand.

With about 25% (mass) Silicon is – after Oxygen – the second most frequent chemical element in the earth’s crust. Sand – especially Quartz - has high percentages of Silicon in the form of Silicon dioxide (SiO2) and is the base ingredient for semiconductor manufacturing.

Melted Silicon

scale: wafer level (~300mm/ 12 inch)

Silicon is purified in multiple steps to finally reach semiconductor manufacturing quality which is called Electronic Grade Silicon. Electronic Grade Silicon may only have one alien atom every one billion Silicon atoms. In this picture you can see how one big crystal is grown from the purified silicon melt. The resulting mono crystal is called Ingot.

Mono-crystal Silicon Ingot

scale: wafer level (~300mm/ 12 inch)

An ingot has been produced from Electronic Grade Silicon. One ingot weights about 100 kilograms (=220 pounds) and has a Silicon purity of 99.9999%.

Slicing and dicing

Ingot Slicing

scale: wafer level (~300mm / 12 inch)

The Ingot is cut into individual silicon discs called wafers.

Wafer

scale: wafer level (~300mm/ 12 inch)

The wafers are polished until they have flawless, mirror-smooth surfaces. Intel buys those manufacturing ready wafers from third party companies. Intel’s highly advanced 45nm High-K/Metal Gate process uses wafers with a diameter of 300 millimeter (~12 inches). When Intel first began making chips, the company printed circuits on 2-inch (50mm) wafers. Now the company uses 300mm wafers, resulting in decreased costs per chip.

Applying Photo Resist

scale: wafer level (~300mm / 12 inch)

The liquid (blue here) that’s poured onto the wafer while it spins is a photo resist finish similar as the one known from film photography. The wafer spins during this step to allow very thin and even application of this photo resist layer.

Exposing the chip

Exposure

scale: wafer level (~300mm / 12 inch)

The photo resist finish is exposed to ultra violet (UV) light. The chemical reaction triggered by that process step is similar to what happens to film material in a film camera the moment you press the shutter button. The photo resist finish that’s exposed to UV light will become soluble. The exposure is done using masks that act like stencils in this process step. When used with UV light, masks create the various circuit patterns on each layer of the microprocessor. A lens (middle) reduces the mask’s image. So what gets printed on the wafer is typically four times smaller linearly than the mask’s pattern.

Exposure